With the accelerated construction of China's new power system and the advancement of the "Dual Carbon" goals, energy storage, as a key link supporting new energy integration and grid stability, has developed rapidly. Among them, Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO₄) batteries have become the mainstream technology route for electrochemical energy storage due to their high safety, long cycle life, and favorable economics. In 2025, LFP battery energy storage cabinets (particularly liquid-cooled integrated cabinets) have shown evident evolutionary trends in technology, product form, application scenarios, and market policies. The following is a summary based on the content of the relevant document.
I. Technological Development: Liquid Cooling Integration Becomes Mainstream, Energy Density Continues to Rise
In 2025, LFP battery energy storage cabinets have generally evolved towards liquid-cooled integrated cabinets, with core features including:
Higher Energy Density and Standardized Design
Multiple technical proposals indicate that liquid-cooled integrated cabinets utilizing large-capacity 314Ah cells (e.g., in a 1P104S configuration) have commonly achieved a single-cabinet capacity of over 5 MWh (e.g., 5.016 MWh specifications). Compared to traditional air-cooling solutions, liquid cooling systems, through uniform temperature design and precise thermal management, effectively enhance battery lifespan and system efficiency while reducing footprint.
Significantly Improved System Integration
The new generation of storage cabinets highly integrates battery modules, the Battery Management System (BMS), the thermal management system (liquid cooling), fire protection systems, and electrical components within a container or integrated cabinet, supporting rapid deployment and modular expansion. For example, the Greenwatt 2.5MW/5MWh Liquid-cooled Energy Storage System employs a non-walk-in container design, integrating LFP batteries, BMS, thermal management, and fire protection systems, making it suitable for various scenarios like peak shaving and frequency regulation.
Enhanced Intelligence and Safety Management
The BMS, as the "perception layer" of the storage system, continues to optimize in areas such as thermal runaway warning, multi-level safety protection, and active balancing. Related proposals emphasize achieving system-level safety control through a "monitoring → decision → execution" closed loop (BMS-EMS-PCS coordination). Furthermore, fire protection schemes often adopt multiple layers of "warning + detection + extinguishing" protection, complying with national standards for energy storage safety.
II. Application Scenarios: Expanding from Centralized Large-scale Storage to Commercial & Industrial User-side
Grid-side and Centralized Energy Storage
Large-scale energy storage projects (e.g., 100MW/200MWh and above) commonly adopt LFP battery liquid-cooled container solutions. For instance, technical proposals for projects like the 130MW/260MWh Centralized Electrochemical Energy Storage Project and the 200MW/400MWh Independent Energy Storage project explicitly specify the use of LFP liquid-cooled systems to support grid peak shaving, frequency regulation, and renewable energy integration.
Commercial & Industrial (C&I) Energy Storage Cabinets
The C&I sector places high demands on the economics of energy storage. LFP battery cabinets, with their high cycle life (typically ≥6000 cycles) and low levelized cost of storage (LCOS), have become the mainstream choice for applications like peak-valley arbitrage and demand charge management. User-side solutions (e.g., 12.5MW/50MWh projects) are typically connected to 10kV or 35kV grids, utilizing two-charge-two-discharge strategies to capture electricity price differentials.
Mobile Energy Storage and Integrated PV-Storage-Charging
Solutions like the 500kW/1075kWh Mobile Energy Storage Vehicle demonstrate the flexibility of LFP batteries in scenarios such as emergency power supply and temporary electricity provision. Simultaneously, integrated PV-storage-charging projects (e.g., in industrial parks and parking lots) combine photovoltaics, energy storage, and charging piles, utilizing storage to smooth PV output and reduce charging costs.
III. Key Performance Parameters and Economic Trends
According to technical documents and industry reports, the key parameters of LFP battery energy storage cabinets in 2025 exhibit the following characteristics:
Metric | Typical Parameter / Trend |
Single Cabinet Capacity | 2.5MWh – 5MWh (mainly liquid-cooled integrated cabinets) |
System Efficiency | Overall efficiency ≥89% (liquid cooling offers 2-3% improvement over air cooling) |
Cycle Life | ≥6000 cycles (to 80% capacity retention) |
Energy Density | Increased by approximately 20–30% compared to 2020 |
Cost Trend | Continued decline in storage system investment costs, driving down LCOS |
Furthermore, with the development of Grid-Forming energy storage technology, some LFP battery energy storage cabinets now possess voltage source characteristics, enabling active support for grid frequency and voltage, thereby enhancing the stability of power grids with high penetration of renewable energy.
IV. Policy and Market Environment: Driving Scale and Market-oriented Development
Clear Policy Support
In 2025, the National Energy Administration issued the Notice on Promoting the Grid Connection and Dispatch Utilization of New Energy Storage, clarifying the functional positioning of new energy storage and promoting its fair participation in the electricity market. Concurrently, documents like the Action Plan for the Large-scale Construction of New Energy Storage (2025–2027) further guide energy storage towards scale and market-oriented development.
Electricity Pricing Mechanism Reform Presents Opportunities
The market-oriented reform of new energy feed-in tariffs implemented from 2025 (e.g., Document No. 136) eliminated mandatory storage allocation, instead encouraging storage to obtain revenue through market mechanisms. Independent storage can participate in the energy market, ancillary services market, and receive capacity compensation, improving the economic feasibility of projects.
Continuous Improvement of Standardization System
The updated national standard Technical Requirements for Connecting Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems to the Power Grid (GB/T 36547—2024) revised technical requirements for power control, primary frequency regulation, and inertia response, providing normative basis for the grid-connection performance of LFP battery energy storage cabinets.
V. Challenges and Outlook
Despite rapid development, LFP battery energy storage cabinets still face some challenges in 2025:
Safety Remains a Core Concern
Thermal runaway risks are not entirely eliminated, necessitating continued enhancement of BMS warning accuracy, liquid cooling system temperature uniformity, and fire protection response coordination.
Balancing Cost and Lifespan
In a market-oriented electricity price environment, storage projects are more sensitive to investment payback periods. Further reduction in LCOS and improvement in cycle life through technological innovation are required.
Recycling and Sustainable Development
With increasing installed capacity, issues of battery recycling and cascaded use are becoming prominent. Full lifecycle management will become an industry focus.
Looking ahead, LFP battery energy storage cabinets will continue to evolve towards higher safety, higher efficiency, higher intelligence, and lower cost. With the maturation of grid-forming technology, the refinement of electricity market mechanisms, and the proliferation of AI-enabled digital operation and maintenance, LFP battery energy storage cabinets are poised to play an increasingly central role in the new power system, providing stable and flexible support for the energy transition.
